Evaluating the Use of ChatGPT to Accurately Simplify Patient-centered Information about Breast Cancer Prevention and Screening.

Purpose To evaluate the use of ChatGPT as a tool to simplify answers to common questions about breast cancer prevention and screening. Materials and Methods In this retrospective, exploratory study, ChatGPT was requested to simplify responses to 25 questions about breast cancer to a sixth-grade reading level in March and August 2023. Simplified responses were evaluated for clinical appropriateness. All original and simplified responses were assessed for reading ease on the Flesch Reading Ease Index and for readability on five scales: Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, Gunning Fog Index, Coleman-Liau Index, Automated Readability Index, and the Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (ie, SMOG) Index. Mean reading ease, readability, and word count were compared between original and simplified responses using paired t tests. McNemar test was used to compare the proportion of responses with adequate reading ease (score of 60 or greater) and readability (sixth-grade level). Results ChatGPT improved mean reading ease (original responses, 46 vs simplified responses, 70; P < .001) and readability (original, grade 13 vs simplified, grade 8.9; P < .001) and decreased word count (original, 193 vs simplified, 173; P < .001). Ninety-two percent (23 of 25) of simplified responses were considered clinically appropriate. All 25 (100%) simplified responses met criteria for adequate reading ease, compared with only two of 25 original responses (P < .001). Two of the 25 simplified responses (8%) met criteria for adequate readability. Conclusion ChatGPT simplified answers to common breast cancer screening and prevention questions by improving the readability by four grade levels, though the potential to produce incorrect information necessitates physician oversight when using this tool. Keywords: Mammography, Screening, Informatics, Breast, Education, Health Policy and Practice, Oncology, Technology Assessment Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2023.

Estimation of efflux mediated multi-drug resistance and its correlation with expression levels of two major efflux pumps in mycobacteria.

Multidrug resistance has been posing an increasing problem in the treatment of tuberculosis. Mutations in the genomic targets of drugs have been identified as the major mechanism behind this resistance. However, high degree of resistance in some isolates towards major drugs like rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol and streptomycin can not be explained solely on the basis of mutations. Besides this, certain other mechanisms like efflux pumps have also been considered as alternative mechanisms in the drug resistant isolates where there is no mutation and these mechanisms are specially important for drug resistance in non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). In this study, we have estimated efflux pump mediated drug resistance in different mycobacterial species with the help of efflux pump inhibitors. All major anti-tuberculous drugs have been shown to be extruded by efflux pumps and the degree to which these drugs are extruded, vary in different mycobacterial species and isolates. The correlation of this resistance with functional activity of two major efflux pump genes pstB and Rv1258c was also assessed by reverse transcription PCR. Besides the significant role of these pumps observed, other efflux pumps, present in mycobacteria, may also be involved in drug resistance and need to be investigated.